Sources Guides list

Sources Guide: Near and Middle East (A&M)

Further information about the materials mentioned below can be found on the Archives and Manuscripts Online Catalogue

NB collections range in size from single items to large personal or organisational archives.

In some cases the full detailed catalogues of archive collections are not yet in this online database: hard copy versions are available in the Rare Materials Room of the Library and on request to archs+mss@wellcome.ac.uk

Papyrus fragment from a petition to a Ptolemaic king of Egypt. C3rd BC MS.5755/1

Oxyrhynchus Papyrus. Papyrus fragment written in Greek including a text of the Hippocratic Oath, found at Oxyrhyncus, Egypt, C3rd AD MS.5754

Papyrus fragments including grain accounts, Egypt, C4th AD MS.5755/2

Johnson Papyrus: Fragment of a herbal, in Greek, with two illustrations, found at Aninoe, Egypt, 1904, c.400 MS.5753

Ebers papyrus: Ancient Egyptian work on healing, translated into German by Dr. H. Joachim and thence into English by Arthur Hopkirk., 1903 MSS.2272-9

Hospital of St. Lazarus, Jerusalem: certified copy of privileges of the hospital, 1553 MS.381

Mehmet III, sultan of Turkey: account of his 1579 circumcision, C17th MS.1728/8

Mustafa I, sultan of Turkey: copy letter in collection of transcribed miscellanea, 1618 MS.805/16

Osman II, sultan of Turkey: copy letter in collection of transcribed miscellanea, 1622 MS.805/24

Cornelis de Bruin, traveller: incomplete manuscript translation of de Bruin’s travels in Muscovy, Persia and the East Indies, 1703-6; plus incomplete account of journey by Sir John Chardin (1643-1713) through Persia in 1674, c.1750 MS.1378-9

Sir John Finch, physician and ambassador at Constantinople: order to Dudley North, treasurer of the Turkey Company, to pay two hundred Lion dollars to Giorgio Drapery, Finch's “first druggerman” or interpreter, for services rendered during negotiations at Adrianople, 1675 MS.7072/18

William Stukeley: “Palaeographia sacra or Discourses on Monuments of Antiquity that relate to sacred history. Number II”: explications of the Table of Isis., two versions, 1735-44 MSS.4722, 4725

Alexander Russell F.R.S., physician and naturalist: letter written at Aleppo to Dr. William Cuming in Dorchester, mentioning observations on the Plague sent to John Fothergill (1712-1780) and plans to send botanical specimens, 1746 MS.7544/10

Dr. James Mounsey: extract of a letter, in the papers of Martin Folkes (1690-1754), President of the Royal Society, concerning perpetual fire in Persia, 1748 MS.5403/44

Royal Army Medical Corps Muniment Collection: Look in ‘Place Name Index’ under Egypt, Malta, Middle East, Turkey, and in ‘Subject Index’ under Brucellosis (Malta Fever), for material mid-C18th-mid-C20th RAMC

“Mr. Pigot”, naval surgeon: account of a journey from Bengal to England via Persia, Arabia and Turkey, 1757-9 MS.3906

Charles Nicolas Sigisbert Sonnini De Manoncourt, naturalist, traveller in Egypt: letters 1793-1812 and n.d., plus fragment of a travel journal, apparently in Egypt, 1778 MS.7638

René Nicholas Dufriche Desgenettes, Baron Desgenettes, physician-in-chief to Napoleonic army in Egypt: official orders relating to army in Egypt, and some letters from Desgenettes to his wife, 1793-1813, MSS.7034-5

Frederick Hornemann: Letter to Sir Joseph Banks summarising expenses, 1794 MS.5218/6

Dominique Jean Larrey, Baron Larrey, Surgeon-in-Chief of the Napoleonic army: letters to his wife include some sent during Egyptian campaign, 1797-1801 MS.5316

Admiral Horatio Nelson, Viscount Nelson: letters and other documents relating to Nelson’s ships, 1780-1805, squadrons and fleets, grouped chiefly around the year of the Battle of the Nile (1798) and the years commanding the Mediterranean Fleet (1803-5) MSS.3667-81

French army in Egypt: inventories, muster returns, accounts, intelligence reports and despatches, 1798-9 MS.7036

Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville: correspondence and papers include letters concerning military campaign in Egypt, 1800 MS.5120/59-70

Sir James McGrigor, military surgeon, Director General of the Army Medical Department from 1815: partial manuscript of autobiography, including service in Egypt in 1801, c.1835 MSS.3388-91

Sir Evan Nepean, governor of Bombay. papers on trade, including correspondence with Henry Salt (1780-1827) F.R.S. and another on commerce between Egypt and India, 1816-19 MS.6857

Thomas Hodgkin, physician and philanthropist, died in Palestine, friend of Sir Moses Montefiore (1784-1885) and involved in lobbying for better treatment for the Jews in Palestine; he also helped to finance the work of Habib Baptist Kayat and the Syrian Medical Aid Association. The full catalogue to his papers and its index to correspondents give further detail of these and of other items such as a fragment of a travel narrative in Persia., also papers and correspondence on the developing world generally, including the work of the Aborigines Protection Society and similar bodies, 1817-66 PP/HO/D; letters and papers concerning Hodgkin’s journeys to Palestine and death at Jaffa., 1860-6 MSS.5683-4

Charles de Hesse [Karl, Landgraf zu Hessen-Kassel]: “The Zodiacal Stone of the Temple of Denderah”, Egypt. Typed translation of La Terre Zodiacal du Temple de Dendérah, expliquée (Copenhagen, 1824): material generated by or for the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum,1937 MS.8317

Henry Salt, traveller, British Consul-General in Egypt: letter to G. Hunter inviting him to Cairo, 1827 MS.7578/8; correspondence with Sir Evan Nepean on on commerce between Egypt and India: see above

Alire Raffeneau Delile, physician: letter (in another hand, salutation and signature by Raffeneau Delile), concerning a plant found in Egypt by a naval pharmacist named Brown, 1828 MS.7460/12

Étienne Pariset, medical writer, physician of the Bicêtre Hospital, perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Medicine: “Note sur la peste: Orient et Egypte”, 1828 MS.3767; letters to Mehmet Ali, Viceroy of Egypt, 1832-4 MS.7374/48 & 54

Franciso Solano Constancio, Portuguese physician, diplomat, philologist and science writer: incomplete translation into French of the Lexicum Aegyptiaco-Latinum... (dictionary of the Coptic language) based on the work of La Croze, Scholtz and Woide; with additions and comments by Constancio, 1828-39 MS.1782

Florence Nightingale, nursing pioneer: original correspondence and photocopies of letters held at other repositories, including material dating from her period nursing at Scutari, Turkey and reminiscences back to that part of her life; letters written from Egypt and descriptive notes, 1849-50; also associated twentieth-century documentation. For more detail see Guide to the Wellcome Library’s sources relating to Florence Nightingale, or Western Manuscripts Handlist 10, 1829-1977 MSS.5471-86, 6390, 7204, 8991-9109

Sir Charles Fellows, traveller and archaeologist: letters, drafts and illustrations of architecture, antiquities, costume and other subjects, the latter from Fellows' second expedition to Asia Minor which explored the ancient cities of Lycia, in modern Turkey, 1835-71, n.d. MSS.5634 & 6959

Suleiman Pasha: letter to an unnamed general, probably French, describing events in Egypt including an outbreak of epizootic disease, 1840 MS.7123

John Kendall: “An analysis of the Forty-Eight original Symbols of the Celestial Globe and the application of them to the Seasons and natural Phaenomena of Egypt”, 1843 MS.3103

P. Mérel, French doctor in North Africa: letters, almost all to Charles Duchenaud, Secrétaire Interprête de l’Empéreur, written from Tunis, Algiers, Alexandria and Marseilles, mentioning Ferdinand de Lesseps. 1848-60, n.d. MS.7316

Charles Tilstone Beke, Ph.D., Abyssinian explorer: correspondence and papers on Abyssinia, the sources of the Nile and commercial relations between Great Britain, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean; correspondents include the orientalist Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer (1801-1888), 1838-62 MS.6834; draft publications include paper on “Mount Sinai in Arabia”, 1874 MS.6852/3

A. D’Alligny and Suleiman Pasha: letters to an unnamed general, sending news including events in Syria, 1840-2 MS.7123/35-36

Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Assyriologist, member of East India Company military service: letters, including one to the diplomat Stratford Canning, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe (1786-1880) and one from William Kenneth Loftus concerning collection of material for the British Museum, 1847-93, n.d. MS.7453/29-42

Islamic medicine, general: French transcript of various texts, including one on epilepsy ascribed to the Prophet Mohammed, and glossary of Persian medical terms, mid-C19th MS.3590

Jean-Baptiste Biot: “Memoir on the Circular Zodiac of Denderah”, Egypt: typescript translation from Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres, Paris, 1850, by or for the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, 1937 MS.8316

Auguste Édouard Mariette, French Egyptologist: letters, including one to the French consul in Cairo, from Saqqara, 1851, n.d. MS.7283

Edward Henry Cradock Monckton: collections of chemical and alchemical recipes, mostly Persian and including some inserted material in Persian, 1853-5 MSS.3611-2

John William Mudge MD, surgeon, Madras: journal of service including voyage home to England via Suez in 1855, describing transit through Egypt, the Pyramids, etc, 1852-9 MS.7454

Joseph Dickinson MD FRS: diary of a tour to Egypt and Palestine, 1856-7 MS.2118

John Petherick, British consul at Khartoum, traveller: travel journals and papers of Petherick and his wife, 1862-70, n.d. MSS.5787-91

Sir Thomas Barlow, physician: journal of a tour of Egypt and Palestine, 1868 PP/BAR/A/2-3

Herbert Richard Bracey, P.& O. Company ship’s surgeon: accounts of visits to Alexandria, Cairo and the Pyramids, 1873 MS.5290

Charles George Gordon, Major General: letters and papers on his service in Egypt and the Sudan. 1874-84, l including some letters from Palestine MSS.6894-8, 6900

Jean Octave Edmond Perrier, zoologist: manuscript, “Napoléon en Egypte”, n.d. MS.7390/127

Hormuzd Rassam, Assyriologist, archeologist and British civil servant at Aden, born in Mosul (now Iraq) to a Nestorian Christian family: letters, 1868-83 MS.7480

Edward Dalzel Dickson, physician to the British Embassy, Constantinople: description of plague outbreaks at Hilleh and Baghdad in 1876-7, from notes by Dr. Giovanni Gabiadis, 1879 MS.2119

Herbert Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener. letters including letters on his service in Egypt and the Sudan, 1884-93 , n.d. MSS.6902-3

Sir Archibald Hunter, British General: papers relating to wound pension following service in Egyptian army, 1886-1902 MS.6904

Wellcome Archives: records of the Historical Medical Museum, 1903-85, WA/HMM, include material relating to Near and Middle East (database can be searched under placename); records of Bureau of Scientific Research, 1913-38, WA/BSR, include material on research relating to Near and Middle East; personal papers of Sir Henry Wellcome, WA/HSW include material relating to the archaeological excavations he funded at Lachish, Palestine, 1932-55; Wellcome Foundation: materials relating to business operations of pharmaceutical company in the Middle East, 1980s-90s WF

Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene: Papers of Sir David and Lady Bruce include files relating to his work on Malta (or Mediterranean) fever, 1890s-1900s see also RAMC); Sir Philip Manson-Bahr’s copy of report on malaria in Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 1918 WTI/RST

Mrs. Haines, wife of Dr. Humphry Haines of Auckland, New Zealand: diary of a voyage from New Zealand to Great Britain and back, passing through the Suez Canal outbound, 1896-7 MS.8146

Clare M. Fox, Wellcome Historical Medical Museum: extracts from the poems, hymns and other literature of various ancient cultures including Accadian, Babylonian and Assyrian, dealing with medicine and related subjects; songs and hymns extracted from ancient literatures, including Egyptian; material generated for the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, 1899 MS.8078

Papyrus forgery made to resemble a Hieratic Egyptian roll, provenance unknown, C19th-C20th MS.5755/3

Gustave Jules Alphonse Witkowski: travel accounts, written under the pseudonym “Dr. Clam”, of two journeys including Egypt, 1901-5 MSS.5087-8

John Brian Christopherson, Director of Civil Hospitals at Khartoum and Omdurman: Report on the medical and surgical resources in the Soudan during the time of the Mahdi and Khalifa, based largely on information given by Hassan Zaki, Physician to the Khartoum Hospital in the time of General Gordon., 1907 MS.8221

William St Chad Boscawen, Wellcome Historical Medical Museum employee: various articles on ancient medicine, including “Sculptures from the Birth-House at Luxor”, “List of Birth-Houses” (Egypt), “Greco-Roman Surgical Implements represented in Egyptian sculpture”, “Surgical Implements represented in Egyptian sculpture”, “The Healing Gods of Chaldea”, “Babylonian Gods of Healing”, “The Plague Legend of Babylonia” and “Arabic Medicine”, 1910-2 MS.8857

Arthur Edward Pearse Brome Weigall: drawings of Ancient Egyptian statues and motifs from murals, etc; also of plants and birds from nature that occur in Ancient Egyptian art, early C20th MS.8398

Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie: lectures on Egyptology: Egyptian amulets; holograph notes and typescript resumés made by Stanley Casson (1889-1944), 1912-13 MS.3856

Rosa Louisa Hunt: journal of service in Malta as VAD, 1915-6, GC/40

Sir William Willcox: papers relating to observations and treatment of beri-beri among troops in Iraq, World War I GC/185

Martin Wentworth Littlewood: memoirs, including service in Egypt with the RAMC during World War I, 1970 MS.5415

C.J.S. Thompson, Librarian, Wellcome Historical Medical Museum: History of Ancient Egyptian medicine and science. c.1915 MSS.8442-3

Captain Carlyon Will Mason-Macfarlane, British Army officer: letters and telegrams concerning his death in action in Egypt, 1916 MS.7865

Col Alfred Herbert Tubby: diary notes as consulting surgeon with the British Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, mainly in Egypt, 1915, and notes of archaeological excavations, 1916 GC/87

Wathen Ernest Waller: “The Campaign in Iraq”, illustrated typescript account of his service there during World War I GC/93

Charles Morley Wenyon: field notebook (largely on protozoology) while with HM Forces in Egypt, 1916 GC/57

Major John Percy Litt, RAMC: material, including photographs, relating to service in Turkey and the Caucasus, 1918-23 MS.8480

Col Albert Ernest Hamerton: some material relating to period at Central Laboratory Baghdad, Iraq, early 1920s GC/18

Winifred Susan Blackman: “List of objects collected in Egypt [for the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum ] to illustrate the life of the fellahin”: manuscript volume with photographs, 1920s MS.8182

Jameson Boyd Hurry MD: “Imhotep: the Vizier and Physician of King Zoser, and afterwards the Egyptian God of Medicine”, typescript essay, signed, 1925 MS.2974; and four notebooks containing material gathered for his book on Imhotep, 1920s MSS.2975-8

Air Marshal Sir Harold Whittingham: Research papers re RAF Sandfly Commission, Malta, 1921-3; notes of tours of RAF stations under Middle East Command, including Egypt, Khartoum, Transjordan, Iraq, 1920s-40s; notebooks of inspections, as Director of Medical Services, BOAC, of airport medical and health facilities in Cairo, Khartoum and Bahrain, 1948-55; papers on air conditioning of heat stroke wards, Dhiban, Iraq, 1934, and dysentery epidemic in Iraq, 1935 PP/HEW

Roy Lee Moodie, paleopathologist: correspondence related to his “Roentgenologic studies of Egyptian and Peruvian mummies”, 1926-32 MSS.5917-8

Theodor Herzel Clarence Gaster, head of Semitic Section, Wellcome Historical Medical Museum: Researches in Semitic Medicine and Magic (incomplete) plus short articles: “Notes on some Assyrian medical terms” and “The vestments of the Hebrew High-priest in relation to the costume of African medicine-men”; also background material to these works and notes on Jewish charms, remedies and other issues including herbs, mother-in-law complex etc: some material in Hebrew, 1930 MSS.8180 & 8535

Sir John Gaddum: sketches of students while Professor of Physiology, Cairo, Egypt, 1930s GC/110

Richard Ernest Cornish Copithorne, ship’s surgeon: diaries of voyages on cargo vessels between England and the Far East, including descriptions of Port Said and the Suez Canal., 1934-5 MSS.7679-80

Peter J. Johnston-Saint, Wellcome Historical Medical Museum: “Birth chambers in Ptolemaic temples”; notes on sites at Dendera, Deir-el-Bahani, Luxor and Edfu, 1935 MS.8318

Peter Karl Lewin: memoir, 'A Chameleon of Sorts: Autobiographical Vignettes', includes account of his childhood and adolescence in Jerusalem, Israel and subsequently Alexandria, Egypt, 1935-53. Also his later involvement in Egyptology (CT scans of mummies) MS.8369

David Hooper: list of Persian Materia Medica, taken mainly from Wellcome Historical Medical Museum collections, c.1935 MS.8622

Letitia Fairfield: files relating to British Social Hygiene Council Malta Commission, 1938 GC/193

Sir Ronald Bodley Scott: undated accounts of travel in Israel (?World War II) and of tour including Beirut, Lebanon, 1966 PP/RBS

Harold Hewitt: Several chapters of unpublished memoir “Getting by without ambition” deal with service during World War II in Egypt, Iran, Iraq, and Palestine GC/222

Major Bernard Williams: casebook and associated material, including photographs, while serving in Egypt during World War II GC/172

Thomas Hunt: war diaries, reports etc, of war service in Egypt and Iraq, and at GHQ, PAIFORCE 1943-5; file on Iranian Medical Congress, 1945; other material re medical liaison with Iraq, 1940s, GC/46

Queen’s Nursing Institute: District Nursing Overseas ‘Countries’ files include Iran, Israel, Kuwait Oil Company, Malta, 1940s-60s SA/QNI

Sir Ernst Boris Chain: substantial number of files concerning institutions in Israel with which he was associated, 1940s-70s; also files as consultant to National Iranian Oil Co, 1970s, re the Iran Society, 1978 PP/EBC

John Miller Woodburn Morison: material re appointments at universities in Egypt, and lectures given there, also correspondence and reports, on radiology, 1940s-50s GC/77

Max Neuburger, medical historian: biographical and historical essays “The Medicine of the Ancient Persians”, 1941 MS.8171 and “Outline History of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics of the Arabian School”. c.1942 MS.8295

Major S T Cowan: “Kephissia to Chapel-en-le-Frith”, account of service with RAMC as Pathology Specialist in Near East and North Africa, 1941-3 MS.8346

Lt-Col Desmond R Hanbury, IMS: maps, with notes, of Malaria Survey of Iran and Iraq, 1942-3, while he was serving with PAIFORCE MS.8788/2

Cicely Delphine Williams: papers as Head of Maternal and Child Health Services, WHO, relating to seminars and projects in the Near and Middle East generally, 1940s-60s; rural women’s development, Iran, 1966; visit to the Trucial States, 1966; and from her period as Visiting Professor, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, 1960-4 PP/CDW

Norman Ashton: material relating to RAMC service in Egypt, 1946-7, including his research on typhoid carriers PP/ASH

Charles McMoran Wilson, Lord Moran: files relating to visit to Iraq and Turkey under sponsorship of British Council, 1947-9 PP/CMW

Family Planning Association: correspondence with foreign countries includes Aden, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, 1950s-60s SA/FPA

Sir Robert Macintosh: correspondence with anaesthetists in Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Malta, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and United Arab Republic, 1960s-70s; travel diaries of visits to Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, 1950s-60s PP/RRM

Marthe Vogt: correspondence with colleagues in Israel and Turkey, arrangements for visit to Egypt, etc, 1950s-80s PP/MLV

Sir Christopher Andrewes: travel journals include Israel and Lebanon, 1950s GC/168

Alastair Robb-Smith: British Council visit to Malta, 1952, re laboratory pathology services GC/182

Sir Graham Selby Wilson: file on visit to Israel, 1952, to study laboratory services; visit to Iraq, 1965 as consultant on design and equipment of laboratories; with WHO Travelling Seminar to Egypt and Iran, 1971 PP/GSW

Constance Wood: material relating to papers on radiology given in Turkey and Lebanon, 1956 GC/95

Travelling Surgical Society: reports on society’s annual trips include Turkey, 1958, Israel, 1995 SA/TSS

Alice Mary Stewart: some material relating to her British Council visit to Cyprus, 1958-9, and correspondence with colleagues in the Near and Middle East, 1970s-90s PP/AMS

William FJ M Thom, DTM&H: files relating to his work in Preventive Medicine Department, Kuwait Oil Company, 1958-70 PP/WTH/C

Sigmund Heinrich Foulkes: material relating to his consultancy in Israel, for UNESCO, advising on school psychological services, 1960s PP/SHF

Professor Percy Cyril Claude Garnham: correspondence with other scientists, mostly working on malaria, includes several in Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, 1960s-70s PP/PCG

Robert Henry Stewart Thompson: travel diary of visit to Cairo, Jan 1960 PP/RHT/A.3/5

John Bowlby: file on workshop on psychopathology of children raised on a kibbutz, Oranim, Israel, 1962-5 PP/BOW

Professor Donald Hunter: correspondence and diary re visit to Egypt (Cairo University) and Arabian Diabetic Association, 1962 PP/HUN

Robina Addis: report on visit to Malta re setting up child guidance service, 1964 PP/ADD

Sir John McMichael: material, 1968-76, relating to visit to Iran and Kuwait, 1968-9 PP/JMM/H/5

International Confederation of Midwives: correspondence with Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Malta, Turkey (member countries), 1960s-80s and Algeria, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Morocco (non-members); 1978 Congress, Jerusalem; Project reports, Yemen, 1990-3; Report of the “Cento” Countries Working Party, Turkey, 1976, Report of the Anglophone Middle East Regional Seminar, 1977 SA/ICM

Stanley George Browne: reports on his visits for the Leprosy Study Centre to Iran 1973, 1976, reports and recommendations on leprosy in Iran and recommendations, 1973, visit to Mashhad Leprosy Hospital, May 1971; correspondence re planned visit (cancelled) to Iraq, 1983; visits to Egypt in 1975, 1978, mid-1980s, and Browne's report on the Leprosy Congress in Cairo and typescript of his speech at opening ceremony, Mar 1976; correspondence with the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Saudi Arabia, and with Dr Luis N Gomez of E1 Paso, Texas, USA, concerning leprosy work in Saudi Arabia 1981-5; correspondence with Al Qassimi Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, on leprosy in pregnancy 1984; programme for visit to Britain by the Deputy Minister of Health of the Yemen Arab Republic (including visit to Leprosy Study Centre), 1980; papers relating to conferment on Browne of the Order of Malta, 1973 and booklet on the history, organisation and rules of the Order WTI/SGB

Dr. Cecil John Hackett: correspondence with consuls, Colonel Karadeniz (Turkish army) and Mr. John Forsith concerning a proposed Florence Nightingale memorial and museum at Selimye barracks, Scutari (opened late 1970s): also biographical accounts, cuttings, etc, 1972-4 MS.8643

Population Investigation Committee: correspondence and papers relating to Cyprus Comprehensive Population Programme, 1974-6 SA/PIC/F/16

Multiple Sclerosis Society: International Federation of MS Societies files include one on Israel, 1974-5 SA/MSS

World Federation of Occupational Therapists: files relating to local associations in Cyprus, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Malta, Saudi Arabia,, 1980s-90s SA/WFO

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The Asian Collections in the Wellcome Library include significant holdings of relevance. There are substantial collections of Arabic and Persian manuscripts, and a small collection of Ottoman manuscripts, as well as Hebrew manuscripts, Armenian and Georgian manuscripts, Egyptian papyri with some Coptic material and Ethiopian and Syriac manuscripts. Further information may be found by contacting AsianCollections@wellcome.ac.uk.